|
Direct democracy (also known as pure democracy)〔A. (''Democracy'' ) in World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc., 2006. B. (''Pure democracy'' ) entry in Merriam-Webster Dictionary. C. (''Pure democracy'' ) entry in American Heritage Dictionary"〕 is a form of democracy in which people decide (e.g. vote on, form consensus on) policy initiatives directly. This differs from the majority of modern Western-style democracies, which are indirect democracies. ==Related democratic processes== Direct democracy is similar to, but distinct from, representative democracy in which people vote for representatives who then enact policy initiatives. Depending on the particular system in use, direct democracy might entail passing executive decisions, the use of sortition, making laws, directly electing or dismissing officials and conducting trials. Two leading forms of direct democracy are participatory democracy and deliberative democracy. Most countries that are representative democracies allow for three forms of political action that provide limited direct democracy: referendum (plebiscite), initiative, and recall. The first two forms—referendums and initiatives—are examples of direct legislation. Compulsory referendum subjects the legislation drafted by political elites to a binding popular vote. This is the most common form of direct legislation. Popular referendum (also known as abrogative or facultative) empowers citizens to make a petition that calls existing legislation to a citizens' vote. Institutions specify the time frame for a valid petition, the number of signatures required, and may require signatures from diverse communities to protect minority interests.〔 This form of direct democracy effectively grants the voting public a veto on laws adopted by the elected legislature (one nation to use this system is Switzerland). Power of Initiative allows members of the general public to propose specific statutory measures or constitutional reforms to the government, and as with referendums, the vote may be binding or simply advisory. Initiatives may be direct or indirect: With the direct initiative, a successful proposition is placed directly on the ballot to be subject to vote (as exemplified by California's system).〔 With an indirect initiative, a successful proposition is first presented to the legislature for their consideration; however, if no acceptable action is taken after a designated period of time, the proposition moves to direct popular vote. Such a form of indirect initiative is utilized by Switzerland for constitutional amendments.〔 Power of Recall gives the public the power to remove elected officials from office before the end of their term, although this is very rare in modern democracies. Some writers with anarchist sympathies have said direct democracy is opposed to a strong central authority, as decision making power can reside at only one level – the people themselves (through direct democracy) or the central authority. Some of the most important modern thinkers who were inspired by the concept of direct democracy are Cornelius Castoriadis, Hannah Arendt, and Pierre Clastres. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Direct democracy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|